![]() As in all natural systems, stability favors the lowest possible potential energy. In the nucleus, therefore, the depth of the potential field shown in Fig. energy that can be released if the two particles become free. Any two particles that are no longer free create a negative potential field, i.e. This is the energy associated with the work done by the nuclear forces between nucleons, and it is the energy that would be released if an atom were formed from its constituents 11. (1.1), is B = Δ Mc 2, and is called the binding energy. The energy corresponding to Δ M, according to Eq. Where m p is the mass of a proton and m n is that of a neutron, the difference, AM, is called the mass defect, as it reflects the deficiency in mass between the mass of the individual constitutes of the nucleus and its collective mass. ![]() (1.25) M c 2 = Z m p c 2 + ( A − Z ) m n c 2 − B It ends with a derivation of the double-reciprocal plot for enzyme kinetics. This chapter then derives the Michaelis–Menten formula for enzyme kinetics and discusses how enzymes, in general, catalyze reactions. It discusses kinetics in terms of potential energy along the reaction coordinate, the distance along the minimum free-energy path from reactants to products. This chapter then considers kinetics in terms of forward and reverse rate constants, defining the equilibrium constant as the ratio of forward to reverse rate constants. It describes the Fick dilution principle for determining unknown volumes. This chapter then defines concentration in terms of molarity and how to make up solutions and dilutions of solutions to achieve desired concentrations. It then discusses the mole in chemistry and Avogadro’s number. It then proceeds to define molecular weight, in daltons, and the gram molecular weight. This chapter begins with a description of the atomic mass unit, or dalton, defined as 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom. Joseph Feher, in Quantitative Human Physiology (Second Edition), 2017 Abstract X-ray (core level) photoelectron spectroscopy. Vibrational electron energy loss (spectroscopy) XPES Ultraviolet (valence level) photoelectron spectroscopy UHV Transient near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure TPD Surface-enhanced Raman (spectroscopy) SFG Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy SER(S) Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure NMR International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry L Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy TsĪngle-resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy ASED-MOĪtomic superposition electron delocalization-molecular orbital bccīismuth postdosing thermal desorption spectroscopy ESDIADĮlectron-stimulated desorption ion angular distribution fcc Laser desorption, laser ionization mass spectrometry MDT ![]() Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry L2MS Laser-induced acoustic desorption mass spectrometry LDIMS Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry DFAįluorescence correlation spectroscopy FHZ EoSįlory–Huggins–Zuo equation of state FT-ICR MSįourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry GCxGC
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